A markup language is a programming language that is used make text more interactive and dynamic. It can turn a text into images, tables, links etc.
Java is a high level, robust, secured and object-oriented programming language.
SQL is just a query language, it is not a database. To perform SQL queries, you need to install any database for example Oracle, MySQL, MongoDB, PostGre SQL, SQL Server, DB2 etc.
The C Language is developed for creating system applications that direct interacts to the hardware devices such as drivers, kernals etc.