A CSS pseudo-element is a keyword added to a selector that lets you style a specific part of the selected element(s). For example, ::first-line can be used to change the font of the first line of a paragraph.
CSS pseudo-elements are used to add special effects to some selectors. You do not need to use JavaScript or any other script to use those effects.
The most commonly used pseudo-elements are as follows −
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| :first-line | Use this element to add special styles to the first line of the text in a selector. |
| :first-letter | Use this element to add special style to the first letter of the text in a selector. |
| :before | Use this element to insert some content before an element. |
| :after | Use this element to insert some content after an element. |
The following example demonstrates how to use the :first-line element to add special effects to the first line of elements in the document.
The following example demonstrates how to use the :first-letter element to add special effects to the first letter of elements in the document.
Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default font size and color:
The following example demonstrates how to use the :before element to add some content before any element.
The following example demonstrates how to use the :after element to add some content after any element.
| Selector | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ::after | p::after | Insert something after the content of each <p> element |
| ::before | p::before | Insert something before the content of each <p> element |
| p::first-letter | p::first-letter | Selects the first letter of each <p> element |
| ::first-line | p::first-line | Selects the first line of each <p> element |
| ::selection | p::selection | Selects the portion of an element that is selected by a user |
| Selector | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| :active | a:active | Selects the active link |
| :checked | input:checked | Selects every checked <input> element |
| :disabled | input:disabled | Selects every disabled <input> element |
| :empty | p:empty | Selects every <p> element that has no children |
| :enabled | input:enabled | Selects every enabled <input> element |
| :first-child | p:first-child | Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent |
| :first-of-type | p:first-of-type | Selects every <p> element that is the first <p> element of its parent |
| :focus | input:focus | Selects the <input> element that has focus |
| :hover | a:hover | Selects links on mouse over |
| :in-range | input:in-range | Selects <input> elements with a value within a specified range |
| :invalid | input:invalid | Selects all <input> elements with an invalid value |
| :lang(language) | p:lang(it) | Selects every <p> element with a lang attribute value starting with "it" |
| :last-child | p:last-child | Selects every <p> elements that is the last child of its parent |
| :last-of-type | p:last-of-type | Selects every <p> element that is the last <p> element of its parent |
| :link | a:link | Selects all unvisited links |
| :not(selector) | :not(p) | Selects every element that is not a <p> element |
| :nth-child(n) | p:nth-child(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent |
| :nth-last-child(n) | p:nth-last-child(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second child of its parent, counting from the last child |
| :nth-last-of-type(n) | p:nth-last-of-type(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second element of its parent, counting from the last child |
| :nth-of-type(n) | p:nth-of-type(2) | Selects every <p> element that is the second <p> element of its parent |
| :only-of-type | p:only-of-type | Selects every <p> element that is the only <p> element of its parent |
| :only-child | p:only-child | Selects every <p> element that is the only child of its parent |
| :optional | input:optional | Selects <input> elements with no "required" attribute |
| :out-of-range | input:out-of-range | Selects <input> elements with a value outside a specified range |
| :read-only | input:read-only | Selects <input> elements with a "readonly" attribute specified |
| :read-write | input:read-write | Selects <input> elements with no "readonly" attribute |
| :required | input:required | Selects <input> elements with a "required" attribute specified |
| :root | root | Selects the document's root element |
| :target | #news:target | Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL containing that anchor name) |
| :valid | input:valid | Selects all <input> elements with a valid value |
| :visited | a:visited | Selects all visited links |